Disjunction - Definition and Examples

The dictionary definition of disjunction is the act of disjoining or the state of being disjoined. In grammar and semantics, a coordinate construction uses  disjunctive conjunction (usually or  or either/or) to indicate a contrast. The items on either side of the disjunctive conjunction are called disjuncts. Disjunctions are  compound propositions that are only true if at least one of several alternatives is also true  and are commonly used in rhetorical arguments, although they also have applications in the fields of science and mathematics.   Basic Example of Disjunction   The statement p or q is a disjunction. It is true when p is true, or when q is true, or when p and q are both true; it is false when both p and q are false. For example, Either Mac Did it or Bud did.  This statement is true if either or both of its component statements, or disjuncts, is true.—From Critical Thinking by  W. Hughes and J. Lavery Exclusive vs. Inclusive,  Example I In everyday language, disjunction is normally expressed using the word or...Indeed, perhaps the hottest issue in linguistics studies of disjunction is that of whether the basic meaning of or is inclusive, exclusive, or whether there are in fact two quite distinct meanings. Intuitively, there do seem to be some contexts in which or is inclusive, and others in which it is exclusive. If an advertisement for a lecturing position was phrased, Applicants must have either a Ph.D. or teaching experience, this would surely not be taken to exclude someone who had both a Ph.D. and teaching experience; hence this would be an inclusive disjunction. On the other hand, if a mother said to her son, You can either have some candy or some cake, her instruction surely would have been disobeyed if her son had both candy and cake; hence this is an exclusive disjunction. . .  While the extreme claim that or is always inclusive can be rejected, it is still possible that the inclusive interpretation is th e basic one.—From The Language and Thought of Disjunction by  S. E. Newstead and R. A. Griggs Exclusive vs. Inclusive,  Example II The choice between exclusive and inclusive interpretations depends on the semantic content of the disjuncts  together with background knowledge and  context.  The letter was posted on Tuesday or Wednesday  will normally be interpreted  exclusively  because letters are normally posted only once, whereas,  Tom has missed the train or the train is late,  will normally have an inclusive interpretation because the likely context is one where Im advancing reasons for Toms absence, and if he missed the train I have no evidence as to whether it is late or not.—From  English Grammar: An Outline by  Rodney Huddleston Sources Hughes, W;  Lavery, J.Critical Thinking. Broadview. 2004Newstead, S.E.;   Griggs,  R. A. The Language and Thought of Disjunction in Thinking and Reasoning: Psychological Approaches. Routledge. 1983Huddleston, Rodney. English Grammar: An Outline. Cambridge University Press. 1988

Whistle-Blowing Enron Essay - 1352 Words

Whistle blowing is an act to disclose an organizational wrongdoing to parties that can take action. Sherron Watkins was the vice president of Enron Corporation that became a whistle blower in 2001. She sent an anonymous memo to Enron Chairman Kenneth Lay regarding the misstatements on the financial report. Enron hired lawyers from Vinson Elkins to do an investigation on the financial misstatement allegations (Ackman, 2002). According to the memo from the investigations, after Watkins identified herself Lay held a meeting with her to discuss about her concerns regarding her allegations. The memo failed to indicate what Lay told Watkins. The investigation from Vinson Elkins concluded that the questionable transaction that Watkins was†¦show more content†¦Whistle Blowing Policy According to Ravishankar (2003), it is better to address an employee’s concern when it is still minor before it became public and causes much damage to the company. It is beneficial for companie s to create an organizational culture that encourages early reporting by employees to the attention of their superiors by â€Å"internal whistleblowers†. Companies can introduce whistle blowing policy to their employees to encourage them to voice out if they have legitimate concerns about wrongdoings. Also, company can create a code of conduct to set rules for employees to make reference to laws, rules, regulation and directives applying to that company. The code helps employees to know about their obligations to the company and to their colleagues. Advantages of Whistle Blowing Policy A lot of times, employees that found out about a violation of internal rules or external laws are too afraid to speak out because they are fearful about losing their job. The application of whistle blowing policy assures the employees that they will not be subject to reprisal as long as their concerns are legitimate. 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Therefore, it is obviousRead MoreThe Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesWhistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. When an individual discovers evidence of malpractice or misconduct in an organization he/ she faces an ethical dilemma in which a decision has to be made. Either present documentation or turn the blind eye and not acknowledge the situation. Such information can be classified as a violation of company policy, rulesRead MoreThe Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesWhistle-blowing Whistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. 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If the wrongdoing is reported to parties within the organization, the whistle blowing is internal, while if the wrongdoing is reported to parties outside of the organization, then the whistle blowing is considered as external. Ethically, internal whistle blowing, as opposed to external whistle blowing, is preferred. According to Park Blenkinsopp (2009), this is because external whistle blowing can cause seriousRead MoreThe different types of fraud that were committed by Enron.2788 Words   |  12 Pages................ 11-12 THE FRAUDS AT ENRON Enron committed all types of fraud, from mail fraud and shareholder fraud to security, wire fraud and money laundering. While analyzing these frauds it will be seen who committed the fraud, why did they commit it, how did they commit it, the penalty and punishment given to those who were apart of it, the key players, the penalty and punishment given to those who are innocent bystanders, the penalty given to Enron as a whole, how these types of frauds canRead MoreThe Failure Of The External Audit Function2628 Words   |  11 Pagesorientation. The circle of people including the auditors knew or should have known that Enron’s glittering surface masked a different reality. (Satava, 2006) It was obvious that the whole system of corporate governance back then had major issues where Enron s collapse was in a way the wakeup call which triggered major reforms left, right and centre by governments and other key stakeholders. Having said that, the scope of the topic is too multidimensional to cover the lot and we will be concentrating

Super Size My Life the Mcdonaldization of Society Free Essays

Loni Bauer Date: 04-10-2013 Sociology Assignment W2-2 Super-Size my WorldMcDonaldization Of Society Growing up I have always lived in a very small town, just to the north of our beloved city Chicago. It was a huge city full of hustle and bustle. Whenever I would visit the city I would feel so rushed, and crowded. We will write a custom essay sample on Super Size My Life : the Mcdonaldization of Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now that I’m older I am used to a fast paced life. I always drive to school, I am always on a busy campus, and I always am being pulled in so many directions it makes my head spin! I can see the highs and lows in the whole MDoS (McDonaldization of Society). It truly is something that a lot of us have grown accustomed to. Whether it be a fast food restaurant or a store, these small shops has grown into large conglomerates to supply us with two things. Convenience and low prices. But unfortunately, when it comes to most places you can’t always find quality with quantity. Because even though it tastes good (sometimes) McDonalds is not good for anyone who eats it. I have fallen victim to the sirens call of their new spicy chicken sandwich they’re only a dollar so I don’t have to pay much money to get more than one to fill myself. In a society that caves to good deals because of how expensive and time consuming everything is. People have no time to actually sit down and eat at the table with their families, or even cook the meals to start. What I’m trying to get at is, that we really brought this upon ourselves whether we like it or not. It’s not something that will easily go away, and to be honest I don’t think it ever will. MDoS consists of these four things. Efficiency: This is Optimal Method for completing a task. When a company is geared towards minimizing your time. In McDonalds case it’s the fastest way to go from hungry to full in a short amount of time (Ritzer, 2000)While sometimes this is a great thing, I personally don’t like food. I don’t really enjoy eating food, so I want to spend as much time not doing it as possible. So the fact that I can actually get my food, and eat it quickly is a great thing to me. When it comes to say a grocery store, they have a standard in service to uphold, where you get quick and efficient service while you’re in their store, from their baggers and Cashiers. What person really likes grocery shopping? I have never seen anyone get excited to go buy food for the week. So from what I’ve seen, people would most likely want to get in, buy their food and get out as soon as possible so they can get on with their day. Calculability:This Rule in simple terms judges those by how fast they work not the quality of their service. In a way this is true for a lot of things these days. However it doesn’t really apply to all businesses. Once again using McDonalds as an example. In my town (which is the worst place to live in the world if you ask me) People here are very lazy and most likely don’t understand English. When you visit the McDonalds in my town you are most likely to get very fast and very bad service. The food is old, gross and tastes horrid. When you try to tell them how much you hate it, the people can barely understand you. However, when I go to the McDonalds by my school it’s a very different experience. The people are nice, they speak English, and the food looks fresh and tastes fresh. While the service is quick and accurate without any mistakes. So in reality sometimes it really just depends on the neighborhood, and the people working there. Just like any business. When I go to the Jewel Osco in my town once again I repeat what I say above, the service is slow and un-pleasant. When I visit the next town over, completely the opposite. So I am convinced my town is cursed haha. Predictability: No matter where you go you will receive the same service. The workers jobs are repetitive, highly routine, and predictable. While this is true I ask you to revisit the statement above. While I’m on this subject I will also touch upon something else. When you visit a KFC, or Popeye’s Chicken, Wendy’s, Burger King, or any other chain fast food place you will usually get the same recipe for that burger no matter where you go. Usually it will taste the same no matter what part of the world you actually purchase it from. Most of the time this is true, with few exceptions. There is absolutely no creative freedom for a grill operator at these places, if the cook wanted to create a â€Å"special† there’s no way that would happen. If you work at one of these places you are a slave to your position without creative liberties to stray from the beaten path. If you find something wrong with your burger or chicken and you make a fuss about it. They always give you a new one, and then send you coupons! Is that a bad thing? No, free food is always welcomed to the average person. But, maybe I would like a heartfelt apology for messing up my meal, or perhaps a joke or two from the manager about how embarrassed he/she is. That human element that makes a place special is basically lost at these establishments, Which leads me in to the final issue. Control: Standardized and Uniformed Employees, While also including the replacement of human workers with Machines. This is a bit scary to me to be honest. Even though I don’t fully enjoy food, there are some people that truly treasure culinary arts and truly believe there’s nothing better than a home cooked meal Shared with family. I believe this too. When these people visit a restaurant they want to feel comforted like they’re in their mom’s kitchen. When you take the heart out of cooking, we might as well be eating nourishment pills. In case you’ve noticed, as I have been writing this paper for the past hour my opinions have changed as I sat here thinking, and writing. I was thinking about re-writing this paper, but I wanted you see how this subject changes people. I went from not caring about food, to actually thinking about the heart of it, just because I thought about these four elements. There’s a lot wrong with the way society is now it’s very impersonal and de-humanized. Why, on this TV my strange addiction this man was basically Married to a sex doll. She couldn’t talk, or give him Human compassion. That’s crazy right? Maybe it’s not as crazy as we think in this new society. Human beings strive for perfection, for that plane of godliness. We all want to be perfect. But it’s those little imperfections that make us perfect. It’s the chef trying new things, adding a little more cheese to the pasta sauce, the designer raising a picture and tilting it slightly, the Painter who adds pink to her clouds, and the Interior Designer angling a couch slightly off so that it’s not straight. These small details make us imperfect, makes our lives imperfect, but to be Honest, that’s perfectly fine with me. | How to cite Super Size My Life : the Mcdonaldization of Society, Essays

Conflict and Family Social Support †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Conflict andFamily Social Support. Answer: Introduction: A model was used on 163 people living with at least one family member, to determine the relationship between work, family and how they relate to an individuals life satisfaction. It was concluded that family support is very instrumental in ensuring that there is little or no emotional conflict between family and work. The research showed that the two domains of family and work are interconnected and interdependent, as well as bidirectional (Ecklund, 2016).The research was based on two lines of inquiry: Work-Family conflict and Social Support. It suggested that conflict between work and family results to stress, both physically and psychologically (Stewart, 2013). The social support inquiry proved that support from family leads to the good health and general wellbeing of the workers (Ecklund, 2016). Unfortunately, the two researches are not integrated leading to the need for a new study that has been tested empirically. The study combines work-family conflict, social support and job and family involvement to job and life satisfaction. This is as illustrated below: It arises when the demands from family are not in alignment with demands from work, leading to negative effects on both family and work domain hence deterioration in an individuals health and wellbeing (Stewart, 2013). This is due to the fact that both work and family are bidirectional: they have a tendency of interfering with each other hence resulting to a burn out psychologically and decreased job satisfaction. This can eventually lead to depression, distress and low quality family life. (Ecklund, 2016). A research done on the effect of social support on workers showed that it affects individuals so positively that it leads to increased productivity due to the general well-being of the individual. Social support comes in various forms such as: emotional support (listening and empathizing with the workers) or instrumental support which involves solving their problems using tangible assistance (Ecklund, 2016). Social support can be offered at work or from non-work sources such as the members of ones family and friends. However, such support cannot predict the work outcomes such as satisfaction in jobs but it prevents health related problems such as anxiety and depression (Stewart, 2013). As seen above, it is very clear that work-family conflict and family social support both play a very important role in the well-being of an individual. It is therefore necessary to integrate both domains. In their research, Stewart (2013) came to the conclusion that supports from work superiors such as supervisors helped reduce the work family conflict. Another research also stated that "if the negative effects of the employees' jobs reach their family, families may find it difficult to be supportive" (Ecklund, 2016). In conclusion, hypothetically, family involvement brings about life satisfaction but not necessarily job satisfaction. These are elements that should be balanced so that the lives of both the young and the old can be fulfilled. (Stewart, 2013). References Ecklund, E. H. (2016). Failing families, failing science: Work-family conflict in academic science Stewart, C. L. (2013). Job stress, burnout and work-family conflict.